History</h3> </head> <body> <h3>History:</h3> 3000 BC: Sumerian tablet found at Nippur (2.5 in by 1.5 in) <p> 1500 BC: Hittites added colophons to their tablets - data at the end of a "document" w/ bibliographic data. like a title page. <p> 650 BC - people in Nineveh developed a library. colophons present but no catalog. <p> 2 great libraries of antiquity - Pergamum and Alexandria - active centers of Greek civilization. <p> Pinakas of Alexandria - writing on wax with a stylus - not survived. pinakas - catalog or a bibliography. <p> Callimachus - first cataloger that we know about. - poet and scholar at Lib of Alexandria <p> Middle Ages: church and monastery libraries in europe - sole keeper of books <p> One of the earliest listing of holdings of a medieval lib - dated 8th century. written on the final flyleaf of a book : titles + authors briefest inventory. <p> 9 - 13th centuries, inventories - several hundred volumes some qualifiers on quality - legible, useless etc. <p> 13th century - registrum librorum angliae - union listing of english monastery holdings. never completed - anonymous <p> European Renaissance <p> 14th century - improvements such as shelflists. St. Martin's Priory of Dover - 1389. first to be designated a "catalog". <p> 15th century: references - shelf references (not here see there). <p> mid 15th century: printing with moveable type. Identical duplicates. New breed called bibliographers arrived. <p> German bibliographer: benedictine abbott Johann Tritheim (cryptographer) - bibliographic control. chronological ordering and an alphabet author index. <p> 16th century: author bibliographies; subject indexes etc. treating variant spellings - authority control. <p> 1595: Andrew Maunsell - English bookseller - compiled "Catalog of English Printed Books" with rules defined for making entries. <p> Beginning of 17th century, catalogs looking like finding lists rather than inventories. <p> Sir Thomas Bodley - Oxford U. Lib. wanted catalog to tell him if an item was already owned. Alphabetical by author surname and by analytical entries. <p> 1791 - after french revolution - catalog collections of libraries that had been confiscated throughout the country. - first national code. card catalogs started. <p> Filing word underlined and cards in that order. strung by a thread in order. <p> Period of codification. <p> 19th century - arument over virtues of classified and dictionary catalogs. <p> Anthony Panizzi (Italian descent): keeper of printed books in the british museum. Pursuade others that catalog and subject analysis important. <p> 1836: committee of house of commons inquiry in management & affairs of british museum. Witnesses testify for and against catalogs/cataloging. Panizzi was able to get them to accept his view. <p> Sir Anthony Panizzi organized British Library, new catalogue - 91 cataloging rules (1841) origins of several later systems. eg. ISBD - international standard bibliographic description. <p> mid 19th century cataloging gathered attention in US. till then a century behind European. <p> 1850 - Charles Jewett published code for the catalog of the Smithsonioan Institution. Varied only in a few instances from Panizzi's "91 rules". added coprorate author rules - but actually from Panizzi's work <p> Cutter: Assitant Librarian, Harvard Divinity School, and then library of Boston Athenaeum (indepependent library & museum) <p> Cutter Rules for a printed dictionary (1876) - stressed uniformity through rules for extreme details. also said rules should "collocate" - formal principle. <p> Cutter was the last to blend item descriptions, subject headings and filing entry rules into one set of rules. each took a separate path. <p> Cutter Expansive Classification - significant contribution. Most call numbers in the Cutter classification follow conventions offering clues to the book's subject. The first line represents the subject, the second the author (and perhaps title), the third and fourth dates of editions, indications of translations, and critical works on particular books or authors. All numbers in the Cutter system are (or should be) shelved as if in decimal order. <p> E, F, G Biography, History, Geography and travels <p> Size of volumes is indicated by points (.), pluses (+), or slashes (/ or //). <p> For some subjects a numerical geographical subdivision follows the classification letters on the first line. The number 83 stands for the United States. Hence, F83 is U.S. history, G83 U.S. travel, JU83 U.S. politics, WP83 U.S. painting. Geographical numbers are often further expanded decimally to represent more specific areas, sometimes followed by a capital letter indicating a particular city. <p> 1961 - International Conference on Cataloging Principles - Paris. set of principles and rules - Paris Principles (or IFLA principles) multinational agreement to them. <p> The catalogue should be an efficient instrument <br> 1. for ascertaining whether the library contains a particular book specified by <br> a) its author <br> b) if the author is not named in the book, its title alone, or <br> c) if author and title are inappropriate or insufficient for identification, a suitable substitute for the title; <br> 2. exploring library contents <br> a) which works by a particular author and <br> b) which editions of a particular work are in the library. Era of codes. various preliminary versions then in 1967 - AACR rules. <p> 1974 - IFLA issued ISBD - international standard bibliographic description. <p> 1978 - AACR2 - published to incorporate ISBD. <br> 2002 - sig. revision of AACR2 <br> Anglo-American descriptive and subject catalog. Over last 1.5 centuries - joint by the ALA, Canadian Lib. assoc and institue of lib. professionals in UK. first published in 1967. AACR3 is now under way. <p> Major systems: DDC, LCC, UDC, LCSH, AACR. <p> Subject Access: starting with Cutter - ALA List of SH published in 1885 1914 - LC - SH <p> 1923 - SEars SH (Minnie Earl Sears) - suitable for small libs. <p> Classification: LC - materials sold to it by Thomas Jefferson - 44 main classes based on his interpretation of Bacon-d'Alembert system (early LC system - 18 broad categories - 1814). <p> Dewey - 1876, first edition of his classification. Librarian of Columbia College. Started the Columbia lib. school, Library Journal. <p> 10 main classes - each 10 divisions - each 10 sections. Enumerative - listing of classes one by one. <p> Simons, Seymour. Oceans. Juv. Coll. 551.46 Si55o <p> 500 represents pure sciences <br> 550 represents earth sciences <br> 551 represents geology, hydrology, meteorology <br> 551.4 represents geomorphology & hydrosphere, water <br> 551.46 Oceans, oceanography <p> LC developed its own classification. did not get Dewey's permision to use and extend DDC. <p> 21 basic classes (single letter N: Art), subclasses (NA: architecture, NB: sculpture). Each class in a rough hierarchy, but some alphabetical, Item assigned several topics. Unlike strict hierarchy of DDC. <p> UDC - develped in 1895 by 2 belgian lawyers - Paul Otlet and Henri LaFontaine based on DDC. (They got permission). Like DDC but extended with special symbols to show special aspects. <p> Eg: 59+636 zoology and animal breeding <br> Eg: 17:7 Relation of ethics to art <p> Faceted classification. - Ranganathan. Colon Classification (use of colons to separate distinct facets). analytico-synthetic classification good for interdisciplinary works. - multiple navigation options - not strictly hierarchical. Each facet could be in a hierarchy. <p> L,45;421:6;253:f.44'N5 <br> The components of this call number represent <p> Medicine,Lungs;Tuberculosis:Treatment;X-ray:Research.India'1950 <p> Now: Svenonius - principles of information organization. </body> </html>